Celtic Studies:
In the early nineteenth
century excavations at Hallstadt in Austria explored a massive Iron Age cemetery associated with a community of salt miners.
Most graves in this cemetery date from the seventh and sixth centuries BCE. The artifacts found at Hallstadt were associated
with people who spoke Celtic languages, and eventually the term Hallstadt came to be applied to the late Bronze Age and early
Iron Age period of Western Europe dating from 1200 BCE to 475 BCE. The Hallstadt culture is associated with late Bronze Age
and early Iron Age Celtic language speaking people though it is quite likely that there are peoples who spoke other languages
labeled under this identity.
Druidry:
This prayer has been extracted from a traditional
house blessing found in the Highlands of Scotland, originally in Gaelic though here translated and with one modification to
make plural the word god. Notice that the blessing encompasses the whole of the house from foundation to summit on the outside
and ridge to basement on the inside, from beam to wall which is the center to the edge on the inside and end to end again
on the outside. It establishes the house as a small cosmos or world and blesses that world within and without from center
to edge.
Gods bless this house from site to stay, from beam to wall, from end to end, from ridge to basement, from balk
to rooftree, from found to summit, found and summit.
Ethics/morality:
Three candles that illumine every
darkness: truth, nature, knowledge.
An ancient Irish triad used to preserve and teach wisdom. Think about what knowledge
means and the various ways in which knowledge may be obtained. Think now of how we use the term truth to mean so much more
that ‘factoid’, now consider that the Irish word used in this triad and translated as truth also means justice
and sincerity. When we say nature in this context are we meaning nature as wildlife separated from the world of the people,
or are we speaking of the nature or virtue of a thing, its function or purpose?
Myth:
There is a type of mythic activity known
as the giving of form which explains how the people and the order of the world came to be. Creation myths are of the giving
of form variety but many mythic systems do not have a story of how the universe was created since generally ancient people
thought not in a planetary system but in a cosmic system which was concerned with their own cosmos or world. This world was
usually made up of the people, the ancestors, the gods, the land on which the people live and the spirits in that land with
everything beyond that being considered strange or foreign and those not of the identity group being considered strangers.
So when we see a myth translated and we see a description of the world being formed, flooded or destroyed we must remember
that our modern English language denotation of world is not the same concept of world that the originators of these myths
had.
It is often erroneously said that we do not have the Celtic creation myth, which at first glance may appear to be
the case. But there are some errors in thinking being displayed here. The first error is the assumption that a mythic system
has, as a matter of course, a ‘creation myth’ which tells how the planet or universe was made; many do not. The
next error in thinking is to assume that our concept for world is the same as the ancient concept for world which; as seen
above, is not the case. The next error in thinking is the assumption that the ‘Celts’ had a particular mythic
system; we know that what we call Celts were varied people who though related through language and cultural similarities actually
lived in a tribal setting and as the tribes had very different identities the mythic systems, though related, should be expected
to have considerable variance between them.
From the surviving pieces of the myths of the tribes of Ireland we actually
have a great deal of detail concerning the giving of form and the making of the cosmic world of the people. We see in the
takings of Ireland a set of successive waves of habitation with each wave clearing more land, naming more places, building
and establishing order. We see a great deal of detail on the naming of places and the associations of families with
mythic progenitors. We see the first poem, the first judgment and the first division of the land with each of these first
things being the origin of a certain aspect of the order of the people. In fact, most of the material that we have preserved
of ancient Irish myth is part of the creation stories on those tribes, telling us how the people came to live in this world
and how the wildness was given order.
So when we hear or read where someone has opined that we have no examples of the
Celtic creation myth, we know that this belief is primarily the result of a misunderstanding of the nature and structure of
myth. We also know that this opinion results when the ‘expert’ has forgets one of the most basic principles to
the interpretation of myth and has fails to view that myth and its meaning in the context of the culture from which that myth
proceeds. We also know that despite this erroneous opinion there is in our possession a wealth of material from the ancient
peoples of Ireland which concerns the making of the land, the coming of the people and the giving of order and this material
is about creation and is a substantial creation myth.
Cosmology/Theology:
From the center to the edge, our
sacred world exists. There are seen symbols of the sacred center throughout the lands and peoples of Celtic identity. Be it
a hill, tree, stone, pole or pit the sacred center is present as the point of stability like the hub of a wheel holding
it in place but allowing it to turn. This idea of centrality is pervasive in Celtic material, seen in the physical sites and
present in the myths, even the idea of kingship and chieftainship is a manifestation of the sacred center as the chieftain
stands at the center of the people.
Then there is the edge, the concept of liminality also seen present in physical sites
and in myths. It is that which defines what is contained within the order of the people, telling us who belongs and where
they belong. The edges where field meets forest, order meets wildness, the strand of rivers which mark the natural boundaries
between peoples, the ridges and mountain ranges which are natural borders, all of these tell us where the land of the people
extends. Ireland reaches out nine waves from the shore where the easily navigable seas meet the wild and dangerous ocean.
In ancient Irish law we see definitions of certain types of family and how far that family extends and this too is a clear
manifestation of the idea of liminality applied socially.
And so the world is established and defined, ordered and contained.
A center to hold it fast and to give it structure and an edge to define it and tell us how far it extends. Our sacred world
exists from the center to the edge.
Spirituality/ritual:
Daily prayer or devotionals can
be a wonderful part of the development of a personal spirituality and religious practice. A daily prayer or devotional can
be as simple as a moment of silent reflection upon the sacred and ones relationship to the sacred, or it can be done in a
very formal manner that is repeated each day. It may include a regular offering of some sort, or offerings may be occasional
as the need is felt. The devotional may be performed in complete silence or may include chanting, singing, instruments or
recorded music. Prayers may be memorized and repeated exactly the same way each day or they may be extemporized as inspiration
directs. It is the regularity of turning the mind toward the sacred rather than the details of how it is done that is the
most important factor; that it is done far outweighs the manner in which it is done. Our pluralistic view of religion allows
that we can accept that there are many possible correct ways to worship and our daily devotions are built and changed as needed
to sustain our own individual relationship to the sacred.
As individual as daily devotionals may be so may personal altars
be very individualistic. Some people may have a small outdoor shrine of stones or an area under a tree while others have a
space indoor which is devoted to worship. A shrine or home altar may be so simple as to not be noticed by a visitor or so
complex and large that it cannot be missed. For some a shrine or altar is sparse and simple with few accoutrements and yet
for others may be loaded with objects of spiritual significance. A shrine may contain a clear symbol of the center and perhaps
a simple candle for flame. On some altars we may find statues and depictions of gods and ancestors while on other altars we
find objects that are significant of the gods and ancestors but do not depict them. A personal shrine or altar, like a personal
prayer or devotional is just that; personal and reflective of the spiritual relationships of the person. Again our pluralism
teaches us that there are many options for the development of a home shrine or altar, limited to and guided by the inspiration
of the individual or people of that home. That one has a place dedicated to ones own spiritual relationships and where one
may go in order to examine and build those relationship is of far more import than where that place is, what it contains and
how it looks.
Self awareness:
Ontology is the study of being and
concerns views of what it means to exist and the components of existence. When applied to humans, ontology concerns the parts
of a person or the aspects that are consider to be the building blocks of a whole person. Among, at least some, ancient Celts,
as among many ancient peoples, a person was seen to exist in a holistic manner where the person was a whole being made up
of an assemblage of parts or aspects. By looking at language, law and myth we can see what some of the component parts are.
Some of the component parts that we see are as follows: Body, the physical being which was actually covered in Irish law as
a specific thing. Face, or social appearance, status and community standing which we also see treated as a separate thing
in traditional law. Breath is the component that allows a body to be alive and so, is the quality of aliveness and seems also
to be closely associated with spirit which is believed to be able to leave the body and appears to be seen as some type of
double for the body. Mind is the ability of a person to think and to accumulate knowledge. Memory is the ability to recall
the past. Soul is a component that seems to have been the primary part that goes on after death. Imbas or inspiration, also
described as a fire in the head which appears to be the source for art and creativity. Heritage which concerns genealogy and
who a person is related to and to a large extent the identity of a person was established by the identity of ancestors.
World awareness:
A very important part of our lives
concerns our home and our local community. During this month meditate on each of these things: Is my home solitary or is it
shared and if shared what does that mean or what is the nature of my relationships with those with whom I share my home? How
far does my local community extend, and how do I see it regarding the levels of my immediate neighbors, my neighborhood and
then my town or city. What are my relationships with my particular neighbors? What is my relationship with my neighbors in
general? What is the nature of my relationship with my neighborhood? What is the nature of my relationship with my city or
town? What is my concept of family? Who is included in my family concept? How were my concepts of family, home, neighborhood
and city developed? How many levels of community do I recognize myself as being part of? How much of my concept of local community
is centered around humanity and to what extent does my concept of local community extend beyond humanity and its constructs?
Expressions:
Storytelling is an ancient art, as old
as language itself. The telling of tales is the oldest art of words, the mother of poetry and song. Imagine a time when
there were no books to tell us about the past and our only link with what has gone before us is this flowing stream of sound,
these stories. Winter night come early, long before sleep makes itself felt in the eyes the people leaving a long and wakeful
evening. Driven inside by the dark and the cold the folk gather around the hearth for light and warmth, hands busy with small
tasks. The darkness disturbed only by the light from the tongue of the fire and the words from the tongue of the storyteller.
Words painting images across minds with only facial expressions, the body and shadows to illustrate the tale.
We
still feel excitement when a good story is being told. Words transport us to other worlds and times. We breathe at one with
the characters of the tales living their lives with them. Their feelings and deeds become, for a moment, our own and we are
as they are. And through these tales we learn and we glimpse what has been. May this art live on among our peoples so that
we never forget this companion that has been with us as long as we have been ourselves.