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June

Celtic Studies:
Agriculture animal husbandry

Druidry:
The following prayer is a traditional Highland prayer to honor the sun, here translated into English. This prayer is an excellent greeting to the sun in the morning, upon waking or while experiencing the sunrise breaking above the horizon.

 Hail to you, you sun of the seasons, as you traverse the skies aloft, your steps are strong on the wings of the heavens, you lie down in the destructive ocean without impairment without fear. You rise up on the peaceful wave-crest like a queenly maiden in bloom.

Ethics/morality:
There was a principle in Irish traditional law that the victim of wrong doing was the one who should stand up for his or her rights and if he or she neglected to do this they were considered to have forfeited that right. But we see from the triad translated here that this principle was tempered on the behalf of those who were unable to stand for their own justice. We tend to think of justice being for all, but does that extend to equal access to justice for all? How do we insure justice for those who are unable to obtain it for themselves? To what extent is it the responsibility of one to pursue the causes of those who cannot pursue their own causes?

Three causes that do not die with neglect; the causes of an imbecile, of oppression, and of ignorance.

Myth:
Folk tales can be an important repository of traditional information about the past beliefs of a people. In Celtic countries many volumes of folk tale material has been collected. And yes, many of the folks tales are certainly relatively new reflecting the culture of the last couple of centuries but nestled in amongst this newer material there are occasionally found tales that are old indeed. Take for instance the case of the tale of the birth of Lugh, a tale which did survive in tact in the manuscript evidence but was recorded in the nineteenth century as a folk tale still alive among local storytellers.  This tale gives more of the details about the conception and birth of Lugh and more information about his childhood. It was also layered with some material that was obviously more recent. While this tale cannot be shown to definitely date to a period when indigenous cosmic religion was still being practiced in Ireland it is consistent with what we know about the beliefs, characters and mythic events of that time.
It is difficult to date much of the material found in folk tales and some of it may be of extreme antiquity while other tales may only be a couple of generations old when they are finally recorded and committed to writing. This has led to a special problem when interpreting folk material gathered more recently in comparison to earlier myth. A folk tale will have to be examined to see how consistent it is with what is already known about ancient myth and how well it aligns with the characters, and mythic events that are already known from cosmic Celtic myth.      

Cosmology/Theology:
The nature of the gods is a weighty theological issue on which Comhaltact Draiocht has established few orthodoxies the only one in this area being that we are a polytheistic religious organization. Various theological views are present within our Fellowship. We can only be absolutely certain of one thing pertaining to the view of the ancient Celtic peoples and that is that the ancient Celtic peoples were polytheistic, worshipping multiple gods and goddesses. There was no clear hierarchical pantheon of Celtic Gods, nor do we really see certain evidence of any individual gods that were worshipped universally among the Celts. The Celtic peoples worshipped multiple gods with each tribal group having their own set of deities and with some tribes worshipping a few deities in common with other tribes.
There have been numerous claims made over the last few centuries as to the nature of ancient Celtic views on the nature of the gods. These claims would appear to simply be the projection of modern philosophies and views onto the past. There has been an unsupported claim that the ancient Celts were really early monotheists. There are also common claims that there were certain deities who were as individuals common to all or most Celts. The primary argument presented to support this is that certain names of deities are widespread across the Celtic world. The problem with this argument is that the names quoted are generally seen to be titles as are Celtic god names in general and when languages are closely related the words used for titles will also often be closely related, and with no other evidence of shared deity identities this argument is very weak.
So we still have a remaining theological question for our worship today which concerns how we in the present view the nature or being of the gods. With so little orthodoxy we also need not declare many things to be heterodox, really only radical monotheism is considered heterodox, and so our members and theologians can hold any of several views on this subject which are acceptable views in our Fellowship.
 Some people in our fellowship hold a view in which we all inhabit a continuum of existence along with other beings, both physical and spiritual. We have reciprocal relationships with some of these beings and the gods are among those beings. Each deity is an individual with his or her own identity. Some deities are connected to natural forces and features while other deities are connected to issues of culture and to people.
Others in our fellowship hold a view described as pantheism which means “everything is god” which holds that our continuum of existence is itself deity and that the individual deities are aspects of existence. Another view is that of panentheism which means “all is within god” which holds that ultimately all things exist within deity and that the gods and goddesses as we know them are simply manifestations of this single deity. Both pantheism and panentheism can be said to unification based in that both positions may hold that there is some type of unified deity of which the known deities are aspects of or faces for.
There remain other views and among the views broadly described above there are numerous variations. Many volumes could be filled with the finer points of these theological and philosophical issues, we have here only given the barest of broad descriptions of both the questions and some of the categories of answer.   
 

Spirituality/ritual:
The sacred center is a very strong symbol in Celtic cosmic world structure or cosmology. We see many examples of the sacred center in Celtic myth and archaeology.  In archaeological sites which show cult use we see the sacred center exemplified in several ways so that the symbols seem to have varied from tribe to tribe or area to area but the concept of sacred center or centrality seems to be widely spread and present among Celtic peoples. For some areas we see offering shafts with a pole in them as the sacred center, in other areas we see hills as the sacred center. The myths are full of examples of this centrality found in trees, hills and stones. Even in the idea of kingship among Celtic peoples we see that the king was considered to be a type of center for the people. Surviving into historical times we see sacred centers in the Clan Trees of Ireland and Scotland and in the stone of Scone.
The sacred center is a special point of strength like the hub of a wheel; all other parts of the world are attached to it. The point from which solid order emanates it is the pivot which allows the swinging dynamic of balance to function. If the world of order were a wheel the sacred center would be the hub of that wheel and without that center the wheel would be unable to turn and would break apart and order would be lost.
In our modern rites we usually incorporate a symbol of the sacred center though that symbol varies greatly from group to group. Some congregations will have as their sacred center a living tree while others may have a pole, still yet others may have a stone or a small hill. Some groups may have at their ritual center an offering shaft or well, others may have a small spring. Some symbols of the sacred center are portable and can be taken to any place where a rite is to occur while other symbols are permanent features and the rites must come to those places. While the manifestations of the sacred center are myriad and are seen in different ways the concept itself is a constant always present like a mountain that remains.

Self awareness:
Study and learning are important components in keeping ourselves informed people. Study can be formal as in a university setting or it may be informal as one researches areas of personal interest on ones’ own. The mind like the physical body is healthier and stronger with regular exercise and one of the methods of exercise for the mind is to study. One may choose any subject in which one has an interest or about which one wishes to know more. Many subjects have vast research resources available on the internet for free and many books available through libraries.
If one considers study to be exercise for the mind then one can add regular moderate study to ones’ exercise regime. Just as one would engage in regular moderate physical exercise in order to maintain better physical health one engages in regular moderate study in order to maintain  good mental health. The mind like anything else is going to benefit from regular healthy use.  Through research we regularly practice thinking and we keep our minds in the habit of learning and assessing new information.  By including some regular amount of research with academic material we keep our minds in the practice of good critical thinking and we practice following lines of reason.
One area of study which is vital and is easily accessible is the area of current events. By keeping ourselves informed in the area of current events we maintain a clearer view of the world around us and how the various systems of that world are functioning. In order to be well informed about current events one should embrace multiple sources of news and information. Reliance on one source for news and information can result in a person who is only partially informed according to any agenda the source of news may have. A news paper, a regular news magazine, on line news sources, an international news source and local news source will help one stay informed at all levels. One may consider making sure that among your regular sources for news can be found at least one source that could be described as liberal and one source that could be described as conservative to help provide both a wide access to information and access to various interpretations of the information. One remains better informed if one accesses a variety of sources and points of view relative to current event information.
We should each choose subjects which are of personal interest to us and do some moderate research about the subject through basic inquiry methods such as reading books, studies and articles about the subject. We may also attend local clubs and conferences pertaining to our area of interest in order to hear other speak on the subject.  Internet research is available as are lists and newsgroups pertaining to many subjects. By engaging in regular moderate study of interesting subjects we exercise our minds and practice many of the mental faculties which we need from day to day. We also avoid the trap of allowing our study habits to slip after we conclude our formal education. Through the inclusion of academic material to our study we practice good thought habits and keep fresh our abilities with informal logic, reason and critical thinking.

World awareness:
Trees and plants are important neighbors in our local ecosystems and in our larger global ecological system. Trees and other plants have a wonderful ability to adapt and can be found across the world. Most of us live in areas that have indigenous trees and plants that are adapted to the ecology of our local area. Many of us also live in areas where, through the agency of humanity, non-indigenous plants have been introduced and often threaten to overwhelm local species or supplant local species in the ecosystem. Trees and plants are the atmospheric counterpoint to animals and these living things function in our ecosystems by acting as carbon sinks removing from the atmosphere the carbon dioxide that we animals give off as waste. In turn these plants give into the atmosphere oxygen which we need in order to survive. Plants are also the first step in the food chain of most ecological systems on our planet using the energy of the sun in a chemical process which stores that energy in forms that are later eaten by other life. Our relationship with plants and trees is a very important and interwoven exchange which makes us all part of a single functioning ecology.  We need trees and plants in order to survive, our whole biosphere rests on a foundation of plant life.
Consider the tree which is closest to your home, what species is it, how often do you notice it? What about other species of plant in your area, how often do you notice them, how many can you identify? Where is your nearest forest, how many of the types of plant that live there can you identify? Can you identify any of the local wildflowers and grasses? Do you know of any non-indigenous plants in your area which threaten the local plant life?
 

Expressions:
Making things of beauty with the hands has a long tradition in the spiritual expression of human kind. Ancient carvings, sculptures and cave paintings are well known early expressions of spirituality. Just as some of us express our spirituality through music, dance and word there are those of us who best demonstrate our spiritual relationships through acts of physical creation. In their hands, metal turns to things of beauty, clay is fashioned into wonderful things, wood and stone are carved and shaped. The hands of these artists are life fire, changing things and making new things. These hands life fire change the raw and the untouched into the cooked and the formed.
Imagine a world with no crafts of the hands, sculpture or paintings. Nothing created by the hand just to be beautiful or just to express and convey a feeling or a thought. How very vital these artists and their art are to us as they give physical form to the things that we feel. These arts produce physical manifestation of the act of worship and or our spiritual lives, things which can be seen and touched and which are solid and tangible. Celebrate the material arts and the artists, bless the hand and the craft of the hand.

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