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May

Celtic Studies:
The culture of the ancient Celtic people was tribal in structure with occasional and relatively short term federations of tribes being formed. There was never a single Celtic nation or empire, corporate identities really were tribal with each person feeling connected to his or her tribe and to his or her family unit within the tribe. Some tribes were very large being made up of hundreds of thousands of people and covering areas as large as some modern European nations while other tribes could be relatively small in people and area.
At the center of each tribe would be a kingship the holder of which was considered to be the leader and protector of the tribe and was generally selected from a body of eligible people rather than automatically inheriting the kingship. Each tribe also had an intelligentsia who maintained the traditions and laws of the people, memorizing law, history, myth and genealogy in the form of oral stories and poems which were taught in prescribed forms in order to maintain multigenerational consistency. Among the intelligentsia was a class of poets and there was also a class of priests who managed the rites and sacrifices of the people to their gods. There were also crafts people who special skills. There were also a class of warriors who protected the tribe and the order within the tribe and few of these warriors would be specialists but many of them were also the holders of farms and herds. While there were certainly miners and traders and other smaller professions most of the people in an ancient Celtic tribe would have spent their lives engaged in agricultural work such as farming and husbandry. A small group of people generally captives from raids and wars were considered to be slaves, though the economy of Celtic culture was never a slave economy and so slavery was not of any great significance.
The lifestyle of Celtic peoples tended to be rural and based on herding and farming with the people living mostly on small farmsteads. While there were some fortified holdings and places for large meetings and rites the Celts were not city dwellers and so they did not construct large permanent urban areas though we do see some long term settlements.       

Druidry:
Below we see translated a traditional highland prayer to the moon. It uses a particular structure with a repeating alternating line. It may be used by an individual upon first seeing the moon or it may be used as a call and response among a group of people with the group responding with the repeating line after a single voice states or sings each odd numbered line.

Hail to you, jewel of the night! Beauty of the heavens, jewel of the night! Mother of the stars, jewel of the night! Fosterling of the sun, jewel of the night! Majesty of the stars, jewel of the night!

Ethics/morality:
In the triad translated below we see three things which are described as sister and so are considered to be related. These three things are values that produce a good reputation. Consider each value in turn and think of how it reflects upon the reputation of an individual. Think of how these values can reflect upon the reputation of a group of people.

Three sisters of good repute; diligence, prudence, bountifulness

Myth:
Planes and Islands are described constantly in the myths and they are significant of different things. Islands are often seen as otherworld lands often associated with the ancestors. Lands of apples, of the ever young and many wondrous places abound as islands, often to the west the direction of our ancestors and our past places in the world of the sea. A plane is created and form is given and the people have a home but some planes are of another world, not of the ancestors but of the gods and so they are places apart from our world. Places of the sky which can only be reached by those who know the way and those who are guided. As you read the tales and myths recognize these planes and islands of wonder for what they are and what they represent.

Cosmology/Theology:
Fire is the eternal changer which cooks things bringing them from a raw state to a useful or understandable state. Fire burns that which is wild and turns it from chaos to culture helping to clear and to give form. The rounded hearth of home provides light and heat and is at the center of the home. From stone is wrought metal, wood is shaped to make tools. Fire was an important tool in the world of our ancestors seen to have practical applications and spiritual force. Fire still drives our world now, still it cooks, it lights and powers our modern world. And still it burns upon the often squared ritual hearth bringing light and change to our sacred world, a gate between the worlds fire can bless our tools and consume our offerings. A tongue that can speak to us, a touch that can warm but which must be respected.

Spirituality/ritual:
Bealtiene is one of the four High Days of feasting and ritual, the fire festival which stands where the dark half of the year ends and the light half begins, placed around the halfway point between the vernal equinox and summer solstice. In ancient times it was the point where the people moved outward, the herds and their keepers were blessed and sent out to the summer pastures. Fields were planted and allowed to grow. The people would engage in outdoor pastimes using the longer days to accomplish those tasks which needed light and warmth. Huntsmen would take to the forests. The people were outside and spread out more. And as it was in those distant days so it is today as we take more to the outdoors, our days too are longer. We celebrate the season of growth and prosperity invigorated as the world bursts to life around us.
The rite is held during the day with flowers decorating the altar and Nematon or sacred space. The people are excited, happy and full of energy and often wish to sing and dance.

Self awareness:
Meditation is a term that comes to from the Latin meditor (“to think over, consider, reflect”) and so in its purest form literally means to think. The term has taken on many connotations and so today is applied to a variety of mental practices which may or may not involve intentional thinking. Mental exercise is important to maintaining a healthy mind and awareness and the various forms of meditation may contribute to a mental exercise regime. We will describe some of the forms of meditation practiced by various people in the hope that the student will find a form that fits within the lifestyle and individual preferences of the reader.
Contemplative meditation is a meditative form in which the person sits and thinks intentionally and directly about a particular thing, subject or issue. A single issue may span multiple sessions of meditation, while at other times each session may be devoted to its own issue. This form of meditation is most often done in a calm quiet comfortable location where the person may remain undisturbed for some time. A session may last anywhere from a few minutes to several hours with the novice starting with relatively short periods of meditation which increase in intensity and duration with regular practice and experience. The practitioner often finds that he or she reaches deep states of physical relaxation and mental calm while reducing the effects of stress.
Constitutional walking is a practice in which the person takes a brisk walk usually outdoors while engaging in contemplation of various issues. Related to contemplative meditation this form of meditation is often more appealing to those who are more active or who wish to increase their own personal outdoor activity level. Practitioners of this type of meditation find that they feel the same sort of physical and mental relaxation as those who use contemplative meditation but coupled to a more invigorated feeling and with the same reduction in the effects of stress. Sessions generally run from twenty minutes to an hour in duration.
Ecstatic prayer is a very spiritual style of meditation in which one focuses on a particular deity and prays to that deity in an intense and repetitive fashion often chanting the name of the deity or a simple prayer repeated many times. Often this is done in a temple or sacred space or before an altar and may be done while standing or sitting and often is accompanied by incense, music and physical movement of the body in a rhythmic fashion. 
Open meditation is a style often borrowed from Eastern sources and can best be described as not thinking or as lacking the effort and intention to think. In these forms of meditation the practitioner seeks to allow the mind to relax holding on to no particular thought and allowing the mind to slow its activities until the spaces between thoughts grow larger than the thoughts themselves resulting in extended periods of mental rest with a resultant change in awareness. Among these forms are sitting styles such as cha’n and zen and moving styles such as walking zen, Tai-chi, chi-kung and yoga.
There are other techniques for meditation coming from many other sources. Some people include dancing and drumming in their meditation. We hope that the student can find a form of meditation that suits his or her temperament and lifestyle and which can enhance life. Some people also find that a combination of different styles of meditation works best with a different style used at different seasons or on different days. All of these meditation methods help to calm the mind, relax and invigorate the body and reduce stress, and they all produce the same types of physical and mental responses and feelings of changing awareness.  

World awareness:
Land ecology is a major concern for many people of Druidic faith and should be of some concern for all of us. Each person is an active part in his or her local ecology simply by existing. Each of us occupies space, uses resources, produces waste and interacts directly with the world. We each have a choice as to how we interact with our surroundings, we can do so in a way that is almost parasitic and has a total disregard for the results of our actions or we may do so in a way the reflects a conscious regard for our world and how we affect it and tempered by the concept of being in a reciprocal relationship with our world.
A significant portion of people of Druidic faith have a worldview in which most things are seen to have an intrinsic value. People, animals, plants, lakes, mountains, forests, fields, rivers etc are all considered to have an innate value in and of themselves and completely separate from the quantified valuation systems of human society. A person is valued in our system simply based on the fact that he or she is a living being regardless of lifetime earning potential or buying power. Various ecosystems and the inhabitants of those systems are valued in our view simply as living things and not simply as resources worth any particular financial amount. This difference in method of valuation often leads to confusion in others who do not understand why we do not always set quantifiable monetary value on things. We are often heard to make statements such as “it is worth more than all of the money in the world” when speaking of various things. What this statement really means is that the value of the things being spoken of is not a value that is related to money and so money cannot be used to quantify the value of the thing.
Consider you own interactions with your local environment through the resources that you use, the waste that you produce and any actions that you take. Would you consider yourself to be and environmentalist, conservationist, activist or in any other category of people who are actively concerned for ecology and how human interaction affects that ecology? Do you make any efforts to reduce you own personal impact on your local ecology?    

Expressions:
Writing as a form for the expression of belief takes two primary forms, one form is creative writing where one writes stories, tales, poems or conveys the tales of real events in order to inspire and inform, the second form is academic writing in which one writes articles, essays and texts in order to inform and inspire. There are many who express their faith or beliefs through writing and who consider it to be an offering to the gods and to the people.
Imagine where we would be without those wonderful stories and tales. What would life be like if there were no poetry? These creative authors allow us to pick up a book, lay down our concerns for a while and enter another world. Another aspect of these written creative works is that they are there always ready and waiting at our disposal and for our convenience we can pick them up any time day or night for a few moments or for hours on end. Think of the wonderful gifts that these written words share with us and that these authors have given to us. How many times have we been transported and allowed to observe and experience the things in these tales?
Academic writing can also be an expression of faith and an offering. Think of all of the teaching material that you have been exposed to over the years and consider that someone wrote all of that material. We tend to see academic writing as the simple conveying of information, but for some that is exactly how they express their faith and belief. Some people make offering to the gods by teaching us and do so by writing so that we can again have access to that information whenever and wherever it is needed or wanted. There are some who receive their inspiration from doing research and they study as a way of drawing closer to their gods and ancestors and they convey what they have found during this inspired study to us by writing down what they have found. Think of all of the information that you have gathered over the years from academic or informative writing, think of all of the texts that you know right now that contain information that you may need and that you can go and find any time that it is required.
Look at your books and consider the hours of work that went into them. Think of a library and how many combined years of work are sitting on its shelves, many works representing the voices and minds of authors long since passed into the next world. Yet, we can open these book and experience those thoughts and voices as fresh and new as the day that they originated.  Consider newspapers, magazines and even the wealth of articles found in the electronic pages of the internet.

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